Article Highlights:

• What is FinCEN Form 114 (FBAR)?
• Who Must File the FBAR?
• FBAR Reporting Threshold
• Common Exceptions
• Penalties for Noncompliance with FBAR Reporting
• Civil Penalties
• Criminal Penalties
• Statute of Limitations
• The Overlap with Form 8938 Reporting Requirements
• What is Form 8938?
• Assets Subject to Form 8938 Reporting
• Understand the Applicable Thresholds
• Record Retention and Documentation 

In today’s globalized financial landscape, U.S. taxpayers are increasingly engaged with foreign financial institutions—whether through direct ownership, joint accounts with relatives, or even through the income from a rental property in a foreign country deposited in foreign banks. Compliance with the reporting requirements for foreign financial assets and accounts is not optional. Taxpayers must abide by the rigorous requirements set forth by the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) for the Foreign Bank Account Report (FBARand by the IRS for the Statement of Specified Foreign Financial Assets under the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA). This article will provide a deep dive into what these forms are, who is required to file them, the reporting thresholds, the overlapping instances where both forms apply, and the severe consequences associated with noncompliance.

What is FinCEN Form 114 (FBAR)?

FinCEN Form 114, commonly known as the FBAR, is a report that must be filed by U.S. persons who have a financial interest in or signature authority over foreign financial accounts if the aggregate value of those accounts exceeds $10,000 at any time during the calendar year. This includes bank accounts, securities accounts, brokerage accounts, and various other entities maintained outside the United States. This form is filed directly with FinCEN and not with the person’s income tax return.

Who Must File the FBAR?

U.S. taxpayers—ranging from individuals and corporations to partnerships and trusts—are subject to FBAR requirements if they have:

• Financial Interest: Direct ownership or beneficial interest in a foreign account.
  
  
• Signature Authority: The ability to control the disposition of assets within a foreign financial account, even if the account is not in one’s name.

The breadth of the requirement means that even accounts that might not seem immediately obvious as “owned” by the taxpayer might be reportable. For instance:

• Foreign Accounts Held by Relatives: It is common in some cultures for relatives living abroad to include the name of a U.S. relative on a foreign financial account. Although the U.S. person might not consider it “their” account, having signature authority or a financial interest – even indirectly – could trigger an FBAR filing obligation.
  
  
• Rental Property Income Deposits: If a U.S. person owns rental property in a foreign country and the rents are deposited into a local bank account, that account must be disclosed if it exceeds the $10,000 threshold.
  
  
• Online Gambling Accounts: Many taxpayers do not realize that when they participate in online gambling through foreign online casinos, the account is maintained in a foreign jurisdiction and must be reported.
  
  
• Inherited Accounts: Inheritance can also create an FBAR reporting requirement. Even if funds are later transferred to a U.S. account, the foreign account may need to be reported for the period where the balance exceeded the threshold.

These examples illustrate that the definition of a “foreign financial account” extends well beyond the typical checking or savings account held overseas.

Reporting Threshold

The primary trigger for FBAR filing is that the aggregate value of all specified foreign accounts exceeds $10,000 at any point during the calendar year. It is important to note that:

• The threshold is not on a per-account basis, but encompasses all foreign accounts.
  
  
• Even if just one foreign account exceeds the $10,000 threshold, or if a combination of accounts together exceeds it, the filing requirement will be activated.

Common Exceptions

While the scope of the FBAR is broad, there are some notable exceptions:

• Foreign Branches of U.S. Financial Institutions: An account at a branch of a foreign bank physically located in the United States is not considered a foreign financial account.
  
  
• Accounts of Certain U.S. Military Banking Facilities: Financial accounts maintained on U.S. military installations located outside the U.S. are also exempt.
  
  
• Joint Accounts Filed by Spouses: Under specific conditions, if spouses jointly own a foreign financial account, one spouse may not be required to file a separate FBAR. However, the account must be properly reported by the primary filer, and Form 114a (record of authorization) should be completed by the non-filing spouse and retained by the FBAR filer. Understanding these exceptions is vital for accurate reporting, as mistakenly excluding an account can result in understatement of a taxpayer’s filing obligations.

Penalties for Noncompliance with FBAR Reporting

The penalties for failing to comply with FBAR filing requirements are not merely administrative fines—they can be “draconian” in nature, especially when willful violations are involved.

Civil Penalties

If you fail to file an FBAR when required:

• Civil penalties can range up to $10,000 per violation if the noncompliance is non-willful (the $10,000 is inflation-adjusted and effective January 17, 2025 is $16,536).
  
  
• For willful violations—where the taxpayer intentionally disregards the filing requirement—the penalty can be as severe as the greater of $100,000 (inflation-adjusted to $165,353 as of January 17, 2025) or 50% of the account balance at the time of the violation.

Criminal Penalties

Willful noncompliance can also lead to criminal charges. In cases where intentional wrongdoing is proven, criminal penalties and potential imprisonment become a real risk. The seriousness of these penalties underscores the importance of understanding and meeting all FBAR filing obligations.

Statute of Limitations

It is also important to note that the statute of limitations for FBAR-related issues can extend for several years. This means that even if the violation took place in a previous tax year, the IRS and FinCEN can pursue enforcement actions well after the fact, especially if the violation is discovered as part of a comprehensive audit or an investigation into willful noncompliance.

The Overlap with Form 8938 Reporting Requirements

In addition to the FBAR, U.S. taxpayers may also be subject to reporting requirements under IRS Form 8938,Statement of Specified Foreign Financial Assets, a part of FATCA. While both the FBAR and Form 8938 have similar objectives—bringing transparency to foreign financial assets—they have distinct requirements and definitions.

What is Form 8938?

Form 8938 is used to report certain foreign financial assets if the total value of those assets exceeds specified thresholds. The reporting thresholds vary depending on the taxpayer’s filing status and whether they reside in the United States or abroad. Unlike the FBAR—which is filed with FinCEN—Form 8938 is included with the taxpayer’s annual income tax return.

Assets Subject to Form 8938 Reporting

Reportable assets under Form 8938 include, but are not limited to:

• Foreign Bank Accounts: This includes not just checking and savings accounts but also financial accounts with insurance companies and other foreign institutions.
  
  
• Foreign Stocks and Securities: Directly held investments in stocks, bonds, and other securities issued by foreign entities.
  
  
• Foreign Partnership Interests and Foreign Mutual Funds: Interests in partnerships or mutual funds that invest in foreign assets.
  
  
• Other Foreign Financial Instruments: This category also extends to certain financial instruments that provide exposure to foreign markets.

Many assets reported on Form 8938 are also subject to FBAR requirements. However, the key differences are:

• Thresholds: The threshold amounts differ between the two reporting mechanisms.
  
  
• Definitions: The definition of “foreign financial assets” under FATCA does not always mirror the definition of “foreign financial accounts” under the FBAR rule. Taxpayers need to assess their situation using both sets of definitions.

Penalties for Failing to File Form 8938

The IRS imposes substantial penalties for failing to file Form 8938 if required:

• Failure to file may result in penalties beginning at $10,000*, with additional penalties accruing if the failure continues beyond 90 days after the IRS issues a notice of noncompliance.
  
  
• In cases of continued noncompliance, the penalty can be increased to a maximum of $50,000* for individuals and even higher amounts for organizations.
  
  
• These penalties are imposed in addition to any penalties that may be assessed under the FBAR requirements.

*Not subject to inflation adjustment

When Do FBAR and Form 8938 Overlap?

Given that both the FBAR and Form 8938 are designed to capture a taxpayer’s foreign financial interests, it is not uncommon for certain accounts and assets to be subject to both reporting requirements. For example:

• Foreign Bank Accounts: If a U.S. taxpayer holds one or more foreign bank accounts that together exceed the $10,000 threshold for FBAR reporting, they may also need to report these accounts on Form 8938 if the aggregate value surpasses the applicable FATCA threshold.
  
  
• Foreign Investment Assets: Many investments reported under Form 8938—such as foreign stocks, bonds, or mutual funds—may also be included on FBAR filings if they meet the criteria for foreign financial accounts.

Taxpayers must conduct a careful review of all their foreign asset holdings to ensure that they are not inadvertently missing a reporting requirement. It is crucial to understand both definitions and thresholds to avoid the double jeopardy of penalties.

Best Practices for Compliance

Given the overlapping and intricate nature of these reporting requirements, here are some best practices for tax preparers and taxpayers alike:

Comprehensive Asset Review

• Document All Foreign Accounts: Keep detailed records of all foreign financial accounts, including bank statements, account opening documentation, and periodic statements showing the maximum balance during the year.
  
  
• Review Third-Party Relationships: If a taxpayer’s name is on a relative’s foreign account or an account held by a business partner, verify the degree of their financial interest or signature authority.

Understand the Applicable Thresholds

• FBAR Reporting: Be clear that the $10,000 threshold applies to the aggregate of all foreign financial accounts during any point during the year. It is imperative to monitor high-turnover accounts and any foreign currency fluctuations that may impact the value.
  
  
• Form 8938 Reporting: Understand the specific thresholds for individual taxpayers versus married taxpayers filing jointly, and whether the taxpayer resides in the United States or abroad, as these factors significantly affect the requirements.

• Consult Expert Guidance: When in doubt, consult with a tax professional who is knowledgeable with the FBAR and Form 8938 reporting requirements and can ensure that all reporting requirements are met timely and accurately.

Record Retention and Documentation

• Maintain Long-Term Records: Both the IRS and FinCEN require that records supporting FBAR and Form 8938 filings be maintained for a period of at least five years. Proper documentation can serve as a defense in case of disputes or audits.
  
  
• Prepare for Extended Statutes of Limitations: Since the statute of limitations on these types of reporting issues can extend several years, comprehensive recordkeeping is not just best practice—it’s essential.

Conclusion

The reporting requirements for FinCEN Form 114 (FBAR) and Form 8938 constitute one of the most important areas of compliance in today’s tax environment. U.S. persons who have any form of financial interest in, or signature authority over, foreign financial accounts must be vigilant in understanding the $10,000 aggregate threshold for FBAR and the various thresholds imposed by FATCA for Form 8938. Whether it is a seemingly benign family bank account, a rental property income deposit, online gambling winnings, or an inherited account, each instance represents potential exposure to significant penalties if not properly reported.